PlasmaGryphon's Comments
Sort of, as in you should be able to see *very* roughly where it is. Close enough to a black hole event horizon, one would expect to see multiple, distorted images of things around the black hole as light gets bent around it, and the images would get kind of thin really close.
That said, the black circle gets referred to as the black hole's shadow and is somewhat larger than the actual event horizon. I've seen references that it is about 2.5x bigger, although I haven't kept up to date on it (a quick reference here that I have only had time to skim). The bending of the light seems to spread it out more, so you end up with a larger dark disk where it is much less likely for light to come toward you from.
I also haven't seen a reference to other literature, but if the light source is an accretion disk, there is expected to be a bit of gap between the inner edge of the accretion disk and event horizon. There is a distance from the black hole known as the innermost stable circular orbit. Stuff piling up any further than that can stay in orbit a long time by itself, and depends on friction, plasma effects, or radiated energy to decay in fall in closer. But once past the ISCO, orbits are no longer stable and decay without further interactions with other stuff, so you would end up with kind of a relatively empty area where stuff starts falling faster. This new work seems to be discussing how much light would come out of that gap.
There is a lot of work and graphics around for what a black hole does to near by light sources because the of Event Horizon Telescope that is attempting to image this with radio telescopes. The spin of the black hole would affect which way it is easier for bent light to go, so there are also predictions on how to measure the spin from said image.
That said, the black circle gets referred to as the black hole's shadow and is somewhat larger than the actual event horizon. I've seen references that it is about 2.5x bigger, although I haven't kept up to date on it (a quick reference here that I have only had time to skim). The bending of the light seems to spread it out more, so you end up with a larger dark disk where it is much less likely for light to come toward you from.
I also haven't seen a reference to other literature, but if the light source is an accretion disk, there is expected to be a bit of gap between the inner edge of the accretion disk and event horizon. There is a distance from the black hole known as the innermost stable circular orbit. Stuff piling up any further than that can stay in orbit a long time by itself, and depends on friction, plasma effects, or radiated energy to decay in fall in closer. But once past the ISCO, orbits are no longer stable and decay without further interactions with other stuff, so you would end up with kind of a relatively empty area where stuff starts falling faster. This new work seems to be discussing how much light would come out of that gap.
There is a lot of work and graphics around for what a black hole does to near by light sources because the of Event Horizon Telescope that is attempting to image this with radio telescopes. The spin of the black hole would affect which way it is easier for bent light to go, so there are also predictions on how to measure the spin from said image.
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That makes no sense... most people don't care and it obviously caters to at least a couple groups. It is pretty easy to make something milquetoast and inoffensive to a large number of people.
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Most of those just seem like loose wording and not out right errors... So I'm not really sure if there would be much point arguing how the wording could be interpreted one way or another.
On the other hand, there are some big things to discuss with possible problems with thematic components of Tolkein's work, and how things like the World Wars influenced Tolkein. I'm not the biggest fan of his work, but have participated in some rather interesting, level-headed discussions of these issues with much bigger fans, some taking a variety of positions and respecting those who disagreed.
On the other hand, there are some big things to discuss with possible problems with thematic components of Tolkein's work, and how things like the World Wars influenced Tolkein. I'm not the biggest fan of his work, but have participated in some rather interesting, level-headed discussions of these issues with much bigger fans, some taking a variety of positions and respecting those who disagreed.
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I've heard stories from people in the US Antarctic program at Amundsen-Scott station, where normally there is a pretty decent alcohol allowance. However, alcohol cargo is given a low priority. So if weather gets bad and winter comes early cutting off the last supply flight or two, the winter-overs have to go all winter with almost no alcohol. Stories involve the increased drama.
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There are birds who only appear sexually dimorphic when you look at their patterns in UV, otherwise males and females appear the same to humans.
An example of this comes from a paper known because of its title: Blue Tits Are Ultraviolet Tits
Of note, human retinas can see into the UVA part of the spectrum, but that is normally blocked by the lens. People who have operations where they get an artificial lens in their eye can then see a bit of UV. But they still have only three, or fewer, receptors (and blue is not very high resolution), so it is still difficult to see much detail.
An example of this comes from a paper known because of its title: Blue Tits Are Ultraviolet Tits
Of note, human retinas can see into the UVA part of the spectrum, but that is normally blocked by the lens. People who have operations where they get an artificial lens in their eye can then see a bit of UV. But they still have only three, or fewer, receptors (and blue is not very high resolution), so it is still difficult to see much detail.
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The Canadian Senate explicitly looked into this (one such story) and found no significant difference in accident rates. More recent news suggest a possible difference 5%(e.g. here), but they found no difference in fatalities. This is one of those situations where the numbers and effects get subtle, without getting into some of the studies on problems caused by people driving impaired because they need to hide from authorities instead of dealing with it (a big issue with underaged drinking).
Numbers aside, we as a society make choices all the time about whether it is better to let people do things at the cost of more accidents. We could also reduce risks of injuries from car accident by madating helmets for all driver's, but that is rarely popular and over the line for most.
I have no interest in using marijuana, even though I live in Canada now. But I am also not thrilled about the amount of money and manpower the government had used on criminalizing drugs, which causes quite a bit of harm itself without addressing actual problems leading to drug abuse. There are other options (e.g. Portugal's approach), and the always on going discussion of how society handles something that most people manage okay with while a subset has problems with abuse.
Numbers aside, we as a society make choices all the time about whether it is better to let people do things at the cost of more accidents. We could also reduce risks of injuries from car accident by madating helmets for all driver's, but that is rarely popular and over the line for most.
I have no interest in using marijuana, even though I live in Canada now. But I am also not thrilled about the amount of money and manpower the government had used on criminalizing drugs, which causes quite a bit of harm itself without addressing actual problems leading to drug abuse. There are other options (e.g. Portugal's approach), and the always on going discussion of how society handles something that most people manage okay with while a subset has problems with abuse.
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I hear of people marching some distance carrying their own weight in a backpack, so slow difficult movement should be above 2g. They seem to be assuming a person would train for this, so it is not like a random Joe is just dumped there and expected to walk around.
3g is often cited as a limit for space craft in situations where astronauts are expected to reach controls above them from a reclined position and that is not an absolute limit, but has some safety margin.
The paper calculates 4.6g max for walking using numbers world-record log carry, and later says 3.5g is more reasonable for a trained athlete. That doesn't seem that unreasonable to me, even if I would guess it is a bit on the high side.
In a reclined position, people can handle quite a bit more, so using an appropriately designed wheel chair they could go probably to almost twice that...
3g is often cited as a limit for space craft in situations where astronauts are expected to reach controls above them from a reclined position and that is not an absolute limit, but has some safety margin.
The paper calculates 4.6g max for walking using numbers world-record log carry, and later says 3.5g is more reasonable for a trained athlete. That doesn't seem that unreasonable to me, even if I would guess it is a bit on the high side.
In a reclined position, people can handle quite a bit more, so using an appropriately designed wheel chair they could go probably to almost twice that...
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I haven't heard of a specific name for it, but things getting reflective at grazing angles gets attributed to the Fresnel equations.
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There is a lot of research into how fickle and bad memory can be in different situations, including many where people are really confident in their memories.
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The colors and dots make it look like there is a vast difference, but the number scale only shows a factor of about two between the smallest and largest dots. There is a concept known as Marchetti's constant, where commuting times tend to trend toward the same average values under a wide variety of conditions. E.g. if you make improve roads and mass transit to make commutes faster, people will tend to spread out and live further away. This makes it not too surprising that you can find small towns that have long average commutes comparable to some larger towns. This also complicates urban planning, because it can seem like improvements don't change anything and that there is a natural commute time people will put up with anyway.
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Go the opposite direction. If you went from 97 to 99, that is diluting from 3 to 1, tripling the original weight. So to concentrate it going the original way is a third of the weight (33 1/3 lbs). 90 to 99 would be multiplying by ten, so 99 to 90 is a tenth the weight.
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CMOS based active pixel sensors are now the main technology behind almost all consumer cameras. They were invented at about the same time as CCDs, but were way harder to manufacture until CMOS production improved in the 90s. Now CMOS is way cheaper usually since it is a common process and is easy to combine with other circuitry, hence dominating the less expensive markets (including most higher end digital cameras now I think, leaving CCDs to more niche roles).
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While the recipes are very similar, to me, butter tarts are not quite pecan pies without pecans, almost as much as chess pie is not quite pecan pie without pecans.
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Some of the green ones do, some don't. I have a few pieces of the "Vaseline glass" on my mantle, and it has a distinct shade of green. But I still end up sometimes buying some pieces that don't have uranium in it by accident. There are uranium glazes used up to the 70s or 80s that have a different color, and I've had even more trouble telling by eye.
A certain shade of pinkish-purple depression era glass used neodymium to give it that color, and I've always wondered if the the glassware can be turned into a laser, as neodymium glass (usually of special quality) is used as the gain medium in some lasers.
A certain shade of pinkish-purple depression era glass used neodymium to give it that color, and I've always wondered if the the glassware can be turned into a laser, as neodymium glass (usually of special quality) is used as the gain medium in some lasers.
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Sorry, this just reminds me a tiny bit of some of the psuedoscientists I've engaged with before. They talk a lot about how scientists never want to discuss things or consider that an established idea is wrong, even when they actually have interesting ideas. Often their problem was a combination of bad luck and presentation instead (extreme cases were along the lines of opening a cold email with, "I know you're an idiot, but ..."). Opening with strong sounding claims and weak examples, or unfortunate wording, can lead to quick escalation of drama.
Just in my personal experience, this seems to conflict with the many times I've come across discussion of ambiguities and inconsistencies in Tolkeins, which, due to the demographics of the internet, is surprisingly common even as someone who read LotR only. There are a massive amount of detailed discussions, both among fans and fans answering outside questions, that amount to, "Tolkein was never clear, here are some letters where he discusses his intentions, but he contradicts himself." Although usually the discussions are about ambiguities much more substantial than a change of choice of wordings. It was one of the topics that just distinctly stood out to me, where I was impressed by the analysis and criticism enough that I found such writings interesting more so than the original source of the discussion
Best of luck, and I just hope Tolkien's work keep you busy enough that you don't have time to move on to finding inconsistencies between something like 2001 and 2010.