Ancient anatomists knew about the pancreas. Not only did we butcher animals long before we had writing, but humans were also studied after death. Still, they didn't know what the organ was for- maybe it was just padding between other organs. German anatomist Johann Wirsung made a discovery about the inner workings of the pancreas, and he was shot and killed for his efforts! 

But that was not the last of the violence involving research on the pancreas. As medical science advanced, we learned that the pancreas secreted digestive fluids that contained insulin, necessary for regulating carbohydrates in the body. Could we make insulin ourselves to help people with diabetes? Yes, but it would take a team of great minds to accomplish that, and those minds did not get along with each other. Over hundreds of years, scientists studying the pancreas fought over who would get credit for medical breakthroughs, leaving the pancreas with a soap opera of human egos surrounding it.  

We are all familiar with the tendency of medical professionals to dismiss a woman's pain. There are several reasons for this, and one of them may be that women on average report pain for a longer period after an injury than men do. Research shows that this is a real physical difference, and new research may explain why. 

Using studies on mice, scientists identified a molecule named interleukin-10 (IL-10), used by our immune systems, that will dampen pain on nerve receptors. Male mice produced more of the white cells that deliver IL-10, and recovered faster. The next question was why, and it turns out the answer is testosterone and other androgens. When they gave testosterone to female mice, or when they restricted it from male mice, the difference in recovery time disappeared. Read about this research, and how it may lead to new therapies for pain and healing at ZME Science. 

(Image credit: MissLunaRose12) 

One redditor refers to this novel airline seat design as the "Cheek Splitter 9000." /u/themondyone shares this photo from an older Boeing 737-800 operated by Japan Airlines. The text on the hump says, in English and Japanese, "Do Not Sit Here"--just in case the intention is unclear.

Various redditors claiming experience in aviation propose that the hump is there to take the seat out of use. Just putting a sign on the seat will not deter people from sitting there. This change is sometimes made to restrict the number of passengers that can travel or to make safety equipment easier for the crew to access.

The 1993 video game Doom was one of the earliest first-person shooter games and popularized the genre. It has become a hobby among eccentric engineers to play the game on unconventional platforms, such as a chainsaw, a rotary phone, and a cooking pot.

It was only a matter of time before the engineers started to go too far. Now, New Scientist reports, the Australian firm Cortical Labs has been able to run the game of Doom on human brain tissue.

In 2021, the company was able to recreate the vintage game Pong with human brain cells. That took enormous effort over a long period of time. Thanks to technological advancements, a programmer named Sean Cole was able to code the game with Python into the brain tissue in a short period of time.

Perhaps the next step will be to run Doom on a human brain still inside its standard casing. Such as yours.

-via Alyssa Hazel

Michael Koopmans is a Trekkie and dedicated collector of the most obscure and bizarre items of Star Trek merchandise. Yes, we are all familiar with the Spock helmet, an ongoing source of mirth on the internet for the past decade. But did you know about the Star Trek metal detector?

Yes, this is a real metal detector that has been branded as an authentic, licensed Star Trek tool with the application of a few decals. Now you can go metal detecting on the beach, just like Scotty must have done at some point.

Do you appreciate the robust flavor of William Shatner? Of course you do! In 2004, Shatner allowed his name to be added to selected bottles of ketchup to raise money for a charity. Koopmans owns a bottle.

Many Star Trek actors released musical albums as a way to earn a bit of money. Grace Lee Whitney, who played Janice Rand on the original series, Voyager, and The Motion Picture, was among them. You can listen to her vocal work here.

These aren't pool floaties, but you could probably use them for that purpose. Here is Koopmans holding his inflatable video store promotional displays.

Strictly speaking, this doormat isn't official Star Trek merchandise, but a craft that Koopmans made. The Klingon text translates into "Where is the bathroom?"

In the 1970s, Alice Cooper burst onto the music scene with his shock rock about not liking school and not being a nice guy. He wore creepy makeup, brought snakes onstage, and worst of all, he had a woman's name! It was cool to like Cooper because it was subversive, but the songs were good, too. Some years later, it became clear that he was a serious musician who had a great hook for the time, and was a regular guy underneath the makeup. When he made enough money to move to a ritzy neighborhood, he became great friends and played golf with neighbors like Groucho Marx and Glen Campbell. 

Mike Erskine-Kellie relates a golf outing with Cooper in an animation from the point of view of a cranky old man who still sees him as the unholy demon singer that first grabbed the spotlight. Contains some NSFW language.  -via Nag on the Lake 

When you have a novel idea that could make you rich, you have to be ready for an expensive learning curve. Frederic Tudor came from a wealthy family, and was determined to make his idea work. Tudor grew up in New England, where the lakes and rivers froze solid in the winter. How much money could he make shipping that ice to the tropics? In 1806, the 23-year-old took advantage of empty ships going to pick up cargo from the Caribbean to send ice harveted from ponds at his father's farm. Most of it melted during the month-long trip, and he lost thousands of dollars. But Tudor persevered, experimenting with new ways to insulate the ice ...and lost more money, leading to debtor's prison. 

It took a few years and quite a few disastrous trips before Tudor started making money shipping ice, but he eventually turned a huge profit sending ice shipments to India, a voyage that took four months. The secret was building an infrastructure of ice houses and vendors, and in making customers desire ice that could keep their food from spoiling. Of course, once people demanded ice, technology was developed to produce it locally. But Frederic Tudor, the Ice King of Boston, grew rich by showing them what could be.  

Among the big names of the American Civil War, Wilmer McLean is pretty far down the list. You might not have ever heard of him. But his presence is found in the geography of the war. McLean was a wealthy man with a grocery store, a plantation, and a family. He was a staunch advocate for the Confederacy, and volunteered his home in Manassas, Virginia, on the banks of Bull Run Creek, as Confederate headquarters. You can guess what happened there- twice. McLean and his family bugged out two times while their home and property were ravaged in battle. Yet he grew richer still during wartime.   

After the second battle, McLean moved his family to a safer spot, in a village called Appomattox Court House. There, he once again learned what having the nicest house in town will get you. Weird History tells us of McLean's somewhat coincidental role in the Civil War. 
  

Women know that clothing sizes don't make any sense at all. Even if you are young and average, you have to try a garment on to know what size to purchase, because manufacturers set their own size standards. But it goes much further. You may have read that the average American woman is a size 14, but that doesn't tell the whole story. The median 15-year-old wears a women's size 10, while the median woman in her 20s wears a size 14, or large, and the median woman in her 30s wears a 16, or extra large. When you consider all women over age 20, the median size is 18. Yet many clothing brands only carry sizes up to 16. And that's before you figure in vanity sizing, height, or body shape. Most women are not shaped like an hourglass.   

Once upon a time, stores offered alterations, or you could find a local tailor. And many women could alter or even make their own clothing. Now, women outside the target customer range order clothing online, and the returns due to sizing are crowding our landfills. Read a deep dive (including interactive graphs) into the craziness of women's clothing sizes at The Pudding. -via Metafilter 

Michael "Pac-Man" Leroy Luther loved playing Pac-Man as a young man. He did it so much that, after his death in 2007, his family commissioned a gravestone with images from the classic arcade game. It stands atop his final resting place in Thetford Township Cemetery outside of Clio, Michigan.

Pac-Man lived a full life, having served 10 years in the US Air Force and then working for General Motors. He was married and had three children at the time of his passing.

You can view other photos of the grave taken by Graves with Grace, an Instagram account that photographs unusual graves.

Remember the first time you bought a hair dryer and saw a warning label that said "Do not use while bathing"? You had a good laugh and wondered who would ever need such a warning. Most bathrooms don't have an electrical outlet near the bath tub -for a reason. See, there's always someone with no common sense who will use a product in the most dangerous way possible, injure themselves, and sue the manufacturer for not warning you that you aren't supposed to eat fire logs, or that you have to unfold a folding chair, or that swallowing dry ice is dangerous. Manufacturers don't want to go through that again. 

Chill Dude Explains runs through ten product liability court cases that led to warning labels written by Captain Obvious. Most of them seem pretty dumb, but people did get hurt. The last one is correcting the record because the general public completely misunderstood the case. 

Hobby dogging takes its name from the hobby horse, which itself has spawned an eccentric sport. But in hobby dogging, participants lead imaginary dogs through real canine agility competition courses. This activity began in Germany with humor in mind, but has become at least semi-serious to participants who see it as a way to socialize and develop communication skills.

-via Aelfred the Great, who quips "Affection for commands, order, and training without anything as dirty and distressing as life, it’s the perfect German hobby."

In 1994, archaeologists in Russia retrieved the partially-mummified body of a woman who died around 2,500 years ago from a grave in southern Siberia. The woman, believed to be between 25 and 30 years old at death, was of the  Pazyryk people, a nomadic Iron Age culture known for their advanced sewing skills. With skin covering her head, they could not examine her skull and the remains were put in storage after examination. 

Thirty years later, scientists at Novosibirsk State University revisited the body with modern technology, meaning a CT scan that non-invasively revealed the skull. What they found was remarkable. The woman had suffered a devastating injury to her jaw that was repaired surgically! Her right temporomandibular joint had been crushed, which would have left her unable to eat. The scan revealed that two canals had been drilled into the jaw, and some kind of fiber, possibly horsehair or an animal tendon, was used to stabilize the joint. In other words, they tied her jaw back together. Furthermore, there are signs of healing, and her left teeth showed much worse wear, indicating she survived the surgery and thereafter chewed on her left side. Read the evidence for the prehistoric surgery at Gizmodo. -via Strange Company 

(Image credit: Elina Panfilo/Novosibirsk State University)  
  

Where do the eggs in your refrigerator come from? The supermarket, of course! But before that, they come from chickens. Sure, you already knew that, but you've probably never thought about how a hen makes the egg, and how they manage to do it almost every day for months at a time. What goes on inside a hen in order to lay an egg every day is astonishing.  

Egg production is managed differently depending on whether you want eggs for the breakfast table or chicks. If you don't gather eggs every day, a hen ends up with several eggs, and stops producing them in order to keep them warm for hatching. But for chicks, you'll need a rooster. But if you only have hens, and take their egg every day, they'll keep laying them as long as they have the proper nutrition and the proper stimulation- which is not a rooster, but sunlight! 

The popular idea of a psychopath is a person with a personality disorder making them incapable of distinguishing right from wrong or feeling empathy. The idea has been around for hundreds of years, and was extensively studied in the 20th century. But the studies and experiments on psychopathy mostly produce null results, meaning that whatever factor you were measuring (empathy, emotion, or impulse control), there was no significant difference between people identified as psychopaths and those who were not. Those considered psychopaths had emotions, they could recognize emotions in others, and they were capable of empathy. It began to look like psychopathy was a label that arose because we no longer wanted to classify people as evil or demon possessed. Or maybe it was a handy diagnosis for psychological conditions we just couldn't figure out.

Despite the research, psychopathy roared back into popular culture in the 1990s with movies like Natural Born Killers, Silence of the Lambs, and American Psycho. In the real world, we want to make sense of the senselessly evil things people do. But the research doesn't make that easy. Read about the science behind psychopathy and what it tells us at Aeon. -via Damn Interesting