Many of us learned in grade school that Christopher Columbus discovered America. We now know that's not true. How many people knew about the continents of the Western Hemisphere before Columbus landed in 1492? Well, there were the 60 million or so people who lived here. And Leif Erickson, who sailed to various parts of Canada, which he named Helluland, Markland, and Vinland. There is Greenland, which was known to Northern Europeans from antiquity but is only technically part of North America. And it turns out that the lands beyond the Atlantic were known to southern Europeans as well, as documented by a friar in Milan named Galvaneus Flamma. His unfinished written work Cronica universalis references "terra que dicitur Marckalada," in English, "the land that is called Markalada." The book is date to around the year 1345.
Galvaneus’s reference, probably derived by oral sources heard in Genoa, is the first mention of the American continent in the Mediterranean region, and gives evidence of the circulation (out of the Nordic area and 150 years before Columbus) of narratives about lands beyond Greenland. This article provides a transcription of the passage, explains its context in the Cronica universalis, compares it to the other (Nordic) references of Markland, and discusses the possible origin of Galvaneus’s mention of Markland in light of Galvaneus’s biography and working method.
Yeah, sailors talk, and it stands to reason that a lot of that talk would be about exotic faraway places they've either been to or heard about. Did Columbus know about Galvaneus’s document? Probably not, as it was never published. But did he know about Markland? Columbus was a sailor from Genoa, Italy, so he might have heard those same legendary stories from other sailors, or after an extra century, maybe not. Read the full paper at Terrae Incognitae, or the shorter excerpted version at TYWKIWDBI.